Kasaysayan na Inyaligwas na Industriya na Balbula ed Tsina (2)

Say inmunan yugtan na industriya na balbula (1949-1959)

01Man-organisa pian manlingkor ed ipawil na ekonomya na bansa

Say panaon manlapud 1949 anggad 1952 so panaon na impawil na ekonomya na bansa mi. Lapud pankaukolan na panagpaalagey na ekonomya, kaukolan na bansa so baleg a bilang nabalbula, aliwanbalbula na abeban presyon, balet ta wala met so sakey a batch na high tan medium pressure valves ya ag ni ginawa ed saman a panaon. No panon ya naorganisa so produksyon na balbula pian nasumpal iray maples ya pankaukolan na bansa et sakey a ambelat tan mairap a kimey.

1. Igiya tan suportaan so produksyon

Unong ed totontonen ya “paaligwasen so produksyon, paaligwasen so ekonomya, ikonsidera so publiko tan pribado, tan nagunggonaan ed trabaho tan kapital”, inadapta na gobierno na totoo so paraan na panagproseso tan panag-order, tan mabiskeg ton susuportaan iray pribadon medium tan melag iran negosyo pian nalukasan lamet tan makapawala na balbula. Diad bisperas na inkiletneg na People's Republic of China, say Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory et insara toy negosyo to lapud baleg ya utang to tan anggapoy tindaan to parad saray produkto to, kanian 7 labat so trabahador ya manbantay ed pabrika, tan inlako to so 14 ya makinan kagawaan pian napansiansia so gastos. Kayari na inkiletneg na Balon Tsina, diad suporta na gobierno na totoo, say pabrika so nansumpal lamet ed produksyon, tan say bilang na empleyado ed saman a taon et dinmaak manlapud 7 ya anggad 96 nen ginmapo itan. Kayari to, inawat na pabrika so panagproseso na materyales manlapud Shenyang Hardware Machinery Company, tan say produksyon so awalaan na balon itsura. Say bilang na empleyado et dinmaak ed 329, ya walay tinaon ya output ya 610 set na nanduruman balbula, ya walay output value ya 830,000 yuan. Diad parehon panaon ed Shanghai, aliwan saray pribadon negosyo labat ya akagawa na balbula so nilukas lamet, no ag ingen diad impawil na ekonomya na bansa, dakel a pribadon melag a negosyo so akalukas odino inmalis ed panaggawa na balbula, kanian maples ya inmaligwas so organisasyon na Construction Hardware Association ed saman a panaon.

2. Nankakasakey so pansaliw tan panlako, pangorganisa na produksyon na balbula

Lapud dakel so pribadon negosyo ya manggagawa na balbula, say orihinal ya Shanghai Construction Hardware Association et ag makasumpal ed saray kakaukolanen na panagpaalagey. Nen 1951, saray managgaway balbula ed Shanghai so angiletneg na 6 a joint venture pian gawaen so panagproseso tan panag-order na Shanghai Purchasing Supply Station na China Hardware Machinery Company, tan mangipaakseb na nankakasakey a panagsaliw tan panaglako. Singa bilang, say Daxin Iron Works, ya manggagawa na angkakabaleg iran nominal size ya low-pressure valves, tan say Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong tan Lianggong Machinery Factory, ya manggagawa na high- tan medium-pressure valves, et susuportaan na Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, say Ministry of East Industry of China tan say Sentral na Fuel. Diad panangigiya na Petroleum Administration na Ministry of Industry, saray direktan order so ipapaakseb, insan onla ed panagproseso na saray order. Say Gobierno na Baley so tinmulong ed saray pribadon negosyo pian natalonaan iray kairapan ed produksyon tan panaglako diad panamegley na nankakasakey a totontonen ed panagsaliw tan panaglako, diad gapo et anguman so anarkiya ed ekonomya na saray pribadon negosyo, tan pinaaligwas toy entusiasmo ed produksyon na saray akankayarian na negosyo tan trabahador, ya atrasado ed teknolohiya, kagawaan tan kondisyon na pabrika. saray negosyo a singa saray planta na kuryente, planta na asero tan saray lawak na larak pian nituloy so produksyon.

3. Panagpaalagey parad kipawil na serbisyo ed panagpaalagey na ekonomya na bansa

Diad inmunan limay taon ya plano, say estado so angibiig na 156 ya manunan proyekto ed konstruksion, a ditan et say pangipawil ed Yumen Oil Field tan say produksyon na Anshan Iron and Steel Company et duaran angkakabaleg a proyekto. Pian nituloy so produksyon ed Yumen Oilfield diad sankasakbayan a panaon, say Petroleum Administration Bureau na Ministry of Fuel Industry so angorganisa na produksyon na saray parte na makinarya na petrolyo diad Shanghai. Say Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory tan arum ni so nanggawa na kimey a panag-trial-produce na sakey a batch na medium-pressure steel valves. Nayarin isipen so irap na panag-trial-produce na medium-pressure valves na saray melag a pabrika ya singa talyer. Wala ray klase ya nayarin aligen unong ed saray sample ya inter na saray manguusar, tan saray totoon bengatla et nasurvey tan na-mapa. Lapud aliwan magenap so kalidad na saray asero ya inkagawa, say orihinal ya inkagawa na asero a balbula so kaukolan ya umanen ed panagpalsa. Diad saman a panaon, anggapo ni so drilling die parad oblique hole processing na globe valve body, kanian nayarin i-drill labat na lima, insan ipetek na sakey a fitter. Kayari min atalonaan so dakel a kairapan, tinmalona kami ed kaunoran ed panagsubok na NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 medium-pressure steel gate valves tan globe valves, ya inawat na saray manguusar. Nen komaduan kapaldua na 1952, say Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong tan arum niran pabrika so nanggawa na kimey a panagsukimat tan panaggawa na dakel a cast steel valves parad petrolyo. Diad saman a panaon, saray desinyo tan estandarte na Sobyet so inusar, tan saray teknisyan so makaaral diad panggawa, tan atalonaan da so dakel a kairapan ed produksyon. Say trial production na Shanghai cast steel valves et inorganisa na Ministry of Petroleum, tan akaawat met na kooperasyon na nanduruman pabrika ed Shanghai. Say Asia Factory (natan et Shanghai Machine Repair Factory) so angiter na steel castings ya makaabot ed saray kakaukolanen, tan say Sifang Boiler Factory so tinmulong ed panagpaltog. Say test so tinmalona ed kaunoran diad panagsubok na produksyon na cast steel valve prototype, tan tampol ya inorganisa so mass production tan impawit ed Yumen Oilfield pian nausar ed dugan panaon. Diad saman met a panaon, say Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works tan Shanghai Daxin Iron Works so angiter met nasaray balbula ya abeban presyondiad mas baleg iran nominal a sukat parad saray planta na kuryente, say Anshan Iron and Steel Company so mangituloy ed produksyon tan panagpaalagey ed syudad.

Legan na iyaaligwas na ekonomya na bansa, maples ya inmaligwas so industriya na balbula ed bansa mi. Nen 1949, say output na balbula et 387t labat, ya inmatagey ed 1015t nen 1952. Diad teknikal, akagawa na cast steel valves tan low-pressure ya angkakabaleg iran balbula, ya aglabat mangiiter na mipara iran balbula parad kipawil na ekonomya na bansa, noagta mangiletneg met na maabig a pundasyon parad arapen ya iyaaligwas na industriya na balbula ed China.

02Say industriya na balbula so ginmapo

Nen 1953, inggapo na bansa mi so inmunan limay taon ya plano to, tan saray sektor na industriya a singa say petrolyo, industriya na kemikal, metalurhiya, kuryente tan karbon so amapeles ed peles na iyaaligwas. Diad sayan panaon, say pankaukolan parad saray balbula et ondarakel. Diad saman a panaon, anggaman dakel so pribadon melag a pabrika a manggagawa na balbula, makapuy so teknikal a puersa ra, daan la ray kagawaan da, simpli labat iray pabrika ra, melag so timbangan da, tan nitaytayak ira. Pian nasumpal iray kakaukolanen na maples ya iyaaligwas na ekonomya na bansa, say First Ministry of Machinery Industry (ya tatawagen ya First Ministry of Machinery) et mantutultuloy ya manguuman tan manguuman ed saray orihinal ya pribadon negosyo tan mamalaknab na produksyon na balbula. Diad saman met a panaon, wala ray plano tan kundang pian makapanggawa na backbone tan key valves. Enterprise, say industriya na balbula ed bansa mi so ginmapo.

1. Say pananguman ed industriya na segundaryon balbula ed Shanghai

Kayari na inkiletneg na Balon Tsina, inyaplika na Partido so totontonen ya “pangusar, panagsebel tan pananguman” parad industriya tan komersyo na kapitalista.

Walay 60 o 70 ya melag ya pabrika na balbula ed Shanghai. Say sankabalgan ed sarayan pabrika et walaan labat na 20 anggad 30 a totoo, tan say sankamelagan et walaan labat na pigaran totoo. Anggaman sarayan pabrika na balbula so manggagawa na balbula, say teknolohiya tan panangasikaso ra et atrasado, saray kagawaan tan bilding na pabrika et simpli, tan saray paraan na panaggawa et simpli. Arum et walaan labat na sakey odino duaran simplin lathe odino belt machine tools, tan wala labat so pigaran crucible furnace parad panag-cast, ya maslak ed saratan et manual ya uusaren. , ya anggapoy kapasidad ed panagdesinyo tan kagawaan ed panagsukimat. Sayan situasyon et aliwan matukoy parad modernon produksyon, nisay makasumpal ed saray implanon pankaukolan na estado ed produksyon, tan imposiblin nakontrol so kalidad na saray produkto na balbula. Diad sayan gagala, say Shanghai Municipal People's Government et nanggawa na joint venture ed saray managgaway balbula ed Shanghai, tan angiletneg na Shanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 tan arum niran manunan negosyo. No pankasakeyen so asalambit ed tagey, say sentralisadon panangasikaso ed termino na teknolohiya tan kalidad, ya epektibon mamapankakasakey ed nitaytayak tan magulon panangasikaso, kanian napakiwas a maong so entusiasmo na karaklan ya empleyado pian nipaalagey so sosyalismo, saya so sankaunaan a baleg ya pananguman ed industriya na balbula.

Kayari na pankakasakey na publiko tan pribado nen 1956, say industriya na balbula ed Shanghai so dinmalan ed komaduan pananguman tan industrial restructuring ed baleg a sukat, tan saray propesyonal a kompanya a singa say Shanghai Construction Hardware Company, Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company tan General Machinery Company so niletneg. Say kompanya na balbula ya orihinal ya kaiba na industriya na construction hardware et angiletneg na Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, tan Xie unong ed rehyon. Walay manga 20 ya pabrika ed Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, tan arum ni. Kada pabrika et walaan na pigaran pabrika ya walad silong na hurisdiksyon to. Sakey a sanga na partido tan sakey a unyon na saray trabahador ed sankaabebaan so niletneg ed sentral a planta. Say gobierno so angiter na saray representante na publiko ya mangidaulo ed administratibon kimey, tan diad saman et angipaalagey na saray organisasyon na produksyon, suplay, tan pinansyal, tan kalkalnan angipatupad na saray paraan na panangasikaso a mipara ed saray negosyon kayarian na estado. Diad saman met a panaon, say lugar na Shenyang so angitipon met na 21 a melag iran pabrika ed ChengfaGate ValvePabrika. Manlapud saman, inloob na estado so produksyon na angkekelag tan kalatnaan iran negosyo ed nasyonal a panagplano panamegley na saray ahensia na panangasikaso ed amin a lebel, tan implano tan inorganisa to so produksyon na balbula. Saya so pananguman ed panangasikaso na produksyon na saray negosyo na balbula manlapu nen niletneg so New China.

2. Say Shenyang General Machinery Factory et inmalis ed panaggawa na balbula

Diad parehon panaon na reorganisasyon na saray managgaway balbula ed Shanghai, inapag na First Machinery Department so produksyon na kada pabrika ya direktan mibabali, tan pinalinew to so direksion na propesyonal ya produksyon na saray pabrika ya direktan mikonektaan tan saray angkabaleg ya lokal ya pabrika ya kayarian na estado. Say Shenyang General Machinery Factory et ginawan propesyonal a managgaway balbula. negosyo. Say akauna ed pabrika et say opisina na kapital na burukrasya ed mainland tan say pabrika na Dechang ya palson industriya na Hapon. Kayari na inkiletneg na Balon Tsina, say pabrika so manunan manggagawa na nanduruman kagawaan tan pipe joints. Nen 1953, ginapoan toy manggawa na makinan panaggawa na tabla. Nen 1954, nen direktan walad silong na panangasikaso na First Bureau na Machinery Ministry, walay 1,585 ya empleyado to tan 147 ya nanduruman makina tan kagawaan. Tan walaan itan na kapasidad a manggawa na cast steel, tan say teknikal a puersa to et medyo mabiskeg. Manlapu nen 1955, pian makaadapta ed inyaligwas na plano na bansa, malinew ya inmalis ed produksyon na balbula, impaalagey lamet so orihinal iran metalworking, assembly, tool, machine repair tan steel casting workshops, angipaalagey na balon riveting tan welding workshop, tan angiletneg na central laboratory tan metrological verification station. Wala ray teknisyan ya inyalis manlapud Shenyang Pump Factory. Nen 1956, 837t nabalbula na abeban presyonso ginawa, tan ginmapo so dakel a produksyon na high tan medium pressure valves. Nen 1959, 4213t na saray balbula so ginawa, kaiba lay 1291t na saray balbula ya atagey tan kapegleyay presyon. Nen 1962, inuman so ngaran to ed Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory tan nagmaliw ya sakey ed saray sankabalgan ya negosyo ed industriya na balbula.

3. Say unonan pantok na produksyon na balbula

Nen inmuna iran agew na inkiletneg na Balon Tsina, say produksyon na balbula ed bansa mi et manunan naresolbe panamegley na pantutulongan tan panlalaban. Diad panaon na “Great Leap Forward,” say industriya na balbula ed bansa mi so akaeksperiensya na sankaunaan ya produksyon. Valve output: 387t nen 1949, 8126t nen 1956, 49746t nen 1959, 128.5 beses nen 1949, tan 6.1 beses nen 1956 nen niletneg so public-private partnership. Say produksyon na high tan medium pressure valves et ginmapo nen atrasado, tan ginmapo so mass production nen 1956, ya walay tinaon ya output ya 175t. Nen 1959, say output et akasabi ed 1799t, ya 10.3 beses ya mas dakel nen say nen 1956. Say maples ya iyaaligwas na konstruksion na ekonomya na bansa so angitonton ed baleg ya inyaligwas na industriya na balbula. Nen 1955, say Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory so matalonan nan-trial-produce na Christmas tree valve parad Yumen Oilfield; Saray Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa tan arum niran pabrika na makina so nan-trial-produce na cast steel, forged steel medium tan high pressure valves tan nominal pressure parad oil fields tan fertilizer plants High-pressure fertilizer valves ya PN160 tan PN320; Say Shenyang General Machinery Factory tan Suzhou Iron Factory (say akauna nen Suzhou Valve Factory) so matalonan nan-trial-produce na high-pressure valves parad pabrika na abono na Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation; Say Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory et matalonan aka-trial-produce na electric gate valve ya say kabaleg to et DN3000. Saya so sankabalgan tan sankabelatan ya balbula ed China ed saman a panaon; Say Shenyang General Machinery Factory et matalonan nan-trial-produce na ultra-high pressure valves ya walay nominal ya kabaleg ya DN3 ~ DN10 tan nominal ya pressure ya PN1500 ~ PN2000 parad high-pressure polyethylene intermediate test device; Say Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory et nanggawa parad industriya na metalurhiya Say high-temperature hot air valve ya say kabaleg to et DN600 tan say flue valve et DN900; Say Dalian Valve Factory, Wafangdian Valve Factory, tan arum ni et akagawa met na maples ya iyaaligwas. Say idarakel na klase tan karakel na balbula so angitonton ed inyaligwas na industriya na balbula. Lalo la ed saray pankaukolan ed panagpaalagey na industriya na “Great Leap Forward”, saray angkekelag tan kalatnaan iran pabrika na balbula so linmesa ed interon bansa. Nen 1958, saray nasyonal a panaggawa na balbula so walaan na ngalngalin sanlasus, a manporma na baleg a grupo na panaggawa na balbula. Nen 1958, say dagup na output na saray balbula et inmatagey ed 24,163t, sakey ya indaak na 80% nen 1957; Diad sayan panaon, say produksyon na balbula ed bansa mi so akasabi ed primeron kapantokan to. Balet, lapud inggapo na saray managgaway balbula, angitarok met itan na nantutumbokan a problema. Singa bilang: say pananap labat na karakel, aliwan kalidad; “manggawa na melag tan manggawa na angkakabaleg, lokal iran paraan”, kakulangan na teknolohikon kondisyon; mandesinyo legan ya gagawaen, anggapoy estandarten konsepto; mankopya tan mankopya, ya pansengegan na teknikal ya gulo. Lapud nanduruman totontonen da, balang sakey et walaan na nanduruman estilo. Say terminolohiya na saray balbula et aliwan parepareho ed nanduruman pasen, tan say nominal pressure tan nominal size series et aliwan parepareho. Arum a pabrika so manutukoy ed estandarte na Sobyet, arum so manutukoy ed estandarte na Hapon, tan arum so manutukoy ed estandarte na Amerika tan Britanya. Makapawetwet. No nipaakar ed saray klase, detalye, sukat na koneksion, karukey na istruktura, kondisyon na test, estandarte na test, marka na pintura, pisikal tan kemikal, tan sukat, tan arum nira. Dakel a kompanya so mangaagamil na single-matching a paraan na “panpareho na bilang na yurongan”, say kalidad et ag-aseguro, say output et ag-ontagey, tan saray benepisyo ed ekonomya et ag-ondarakel. Say situasyon ed saman a panaon et “nitaytayak, magulon, daiset, tan abeba”, salanti, saray pabrika na balbula so nitaytayak ed amin a pasen, magulon sistema na panangasikaso, kakulangan na nankakasakey iran teknikal ya estandarte tan detalye, tan abeban kalidad na produkto. Pian nauman iyan situasyon, nandesisyon so estado ya mangorganisa na saray makatunongan a totoo pian manggawa na national production survey edsay balbulaindustriya.

4. Say sankaunaan ya surbi ed produksyon na balbula ed bansa

Pian naamtaan so situasyon na produksyon na balbula, nen 1958, say First tan Third Bureaus na First Machinery Department so angorganisa na national valve survey. Say grupo na imbestigasyon so linma ed 4 a rehyon tan 24 a syudad ed Northeast China, North China, East China tan Central South China pian manggawa na komprehensibon imbestigasyon ed 90 a pabrika na balbula. Saya so sankaunaan ya impansukimat ed balbula ed interon bansa manlapu nen niletneg so People's Republic of China. Diad saman a panaon, say survey et akasentro ed saray managgaway balbula ya mas baleg so sukat da tan mas dakel so klase tan detalye da, singa say Shenyang General Machinery Factory, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, Suzhou Iron Factory, tan Dalian Valve. Pabrika, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (say akauna nen Beijing Valve Factory), Wafangdian Valve Factory, Chongqing Valve Factory, pigaran managgaway balbula ed Shanghai tan Shanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 tan 6 pabrika, tan arum nira.

Diad panamegley na imbestigasyon, saray manunan problema ed panaggawa na balbula so manunan adiskobre:

1) Kakulangan na inkalapagan a panagplano tan makatunongan a panangibiig ed kimey, a manresulta ed paulit-ulit a produksyon tan mangaapekta ed kapasidad na produksyon.

2) Saray estandarte na produkto na balbula et ag nankakasakey, ya sengegan na baleg ya inkombeniensya ed panagpili tan panagmintina na manguusar.

3) Say basiyan na panagsukat tan panagsukimat et makapuy, tan mairap ya seguroen so kalidad na saray produkto na balbula tan say dakel a produksyon.

Bilang ebat ed saray problema ed tagey, say grupo na imbestigasyon so angitarya na taloran kundang ed saray ministri tan bureau, kaiba lay pamabiskeg ed inkalapagan a panagplano, makatunongan a panagbiigan na kimey, tan pangorganisa na balansin produksyon tan benta; pamabiskeg na estandardisasyon tan pisikal tan kemikal ya inspeksion, manggawa na nankakasakey iran estandarte na balbula; tan panggawa na eksperimenton panagsukimat. 1. Saray lider na 3rd Bureau et angiter na baleg ya importansya ed saya. Unona ed amin, nanpokus ira ed kimey na estandardisasyon. Inmatalek da ed Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute na First Ministry of Machinery ya mangorganisa ed saray manggagawa na balbula pian manggawa na saray estandarte na pipeline accessories ya inpaway na ministry, ya inyaplika ed industriya nen 1961. Pian nagiya so desinyo na balbula na kada pabrika, say institusyon so nanggawa tan nanggawa na “Manual Design” na VV. Say pipeline accessories standard ya impaway na ministry et sankaunaan ya batch na valve standards ed bansa mi, tan say “Valve Design Manual” so sankaunaan ya valve design technical data ya intipon mi, ya walay positibon betang to ed pamaaligwas na desinyo na saray produkto na balbula ed bansa mi. Diad panamegley na sayan surbi ed interon bansa, naamtaan so manunan sengegan na iyaaligwas na industriya na balbula ed bansa mi ed apalabas a 10 taon, tan wala ray praktikal tan epektibon kundang ya ginawa pian sigpot ya naekal so magulon panag-alig ed produksyon na balbula tan say kakulangan na estandarte. Say teknolohiya na panaggawa na produkto et baleg so inyaligwas to tan ginmapon linmoob ed balon yugtan na panagdesinyo na sarili tan pangorganisa na dakel a produksyon.

03 Sumaryo

Manlapud 1949 anggad 1959, say bansakbalbulasay industriya so maples ya akabawi manlapud inkagulo na daan a Tsina tan ginmapo lan ginmapo; manlapud panagmintina, panag-alig anggad panaggawa na sarilidsay desinyo tan panaggawa, manlapud panaggawa na saray balbula ya abeba so presyon to anggad panaggawa na saray balbula ya atagey tan kapegleyay presyon, so inmuna ya nanporma na industriya na panaggawa na balbula. Balet, lapud maples ya iyaaligwas na kapeles na produksyon, wala met iray pigaran problema. Manlapu nen inlaktip iya ed plano na bansa, diad silong na sentralisadon panangasikaso na First Ministry of Machinery, say sengegan na problema et aromog panamegley na imbestigasyon tan panagsukimat, tan saray praktikal tan epektibon solusyon tan kundang so ginawa pian say produksyon na balbula et makapipara ed peles na pambansang ekonomya, tan parad iyaaligwas na industriya na balbula. Tan say inkaporma na saray organisasyon na industriya so angiletneg na maabig a pundasyon.